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Fast zwei Monate nach dem Ende der Luftbr\u00fccke in Afghanistan ist es f\u00fcr Schutzsuchende fast unm\u00f6glich, sich ausserhalb des Landes in Sicherheit zu bringen. Im neuen Bericht Like An Obstacle Course: Few Routes To Safety For Afghans Trying To Flee Their Country weist Amnesty International darauf hin, dass die Nachbarl\u00e4nder ihre Grenzen f\u00fcr Afghan*innen ohne Reisedokumente geschlossen haben, sodass viele keine andere Wahl haben, als das Land irregul\u00e4r zu verlassen. Statt den Betroffenen wie v\u00f6lkerrechtlich vorgeschrieben Schutz zu gew\u00e4hren, greifen zahlreiche L\u00e4nder in Europa und Zentralasien auf rechtswidrige Push-Backs, Inhaftierungen und Abschiebungen zur\u00fcck. \u00a0

Amnesty International fordert alle L\u00e4nder auf, ihrer Verpflichtung zum Schutz von Menschen nachzukommen, die von schweren Menschenrechtsverletzungen bedroht sind. Sie m\u00fcssen jetzt schnell und unb\u00fcrokratisch eine sichere Ausreise erm\u00f6glichen und den am st\u00e4rksten gef\u00e4hrdeten Personen humanit\u00e4re Visa erteilen.\u00a0

\u00abSeit der Macht\u00fcbernahme der Taliban ist es beinahe unm\u00f6glich, Reiseunterlagen zu beantragen, was viele Afghan*innen dazu zwingt, ohne offizielle Dokumente zu reisen.\u00bb Francesca Pizzutelli, Leiterin der Abteilung f\u00fcr die Rechte von Fl\u00fcchtlingen und Migrant*innen bei Amnesty International

\u00abSeit der Macht\u00fcbernahme der Taliban ist es beinahe unm\u00f6glich, Reiseunterlagen zu beantragen, was viele Afghan*innen dazu zwingt, ohne offizielle Dokumente zu reisen. Menschen, die vor den Taliban aus Afghanistan fliehen, finden woanders keineswegs Sicherheit und Schutz, sondern landen stattdessen in behelfsm\u00e4ssigen Lagern in Grenzregionen oder werden inhaftiert, bis sie in ein unsicheres Schicksal abgeschoben werden\u00bb, sagt Francesca Pizzutelli, Leiterin der Abteilung f\u00fcr die Rechte von Fl\u00fcchtlingen und Migrant*innen bei Amnesty International.\u00a0

\u00abWir appellieren an alle L\u00e4nder, schutzsuchende Afghan*innen aufzunehmen und gef\u00e4hrdete Personen in Sicherheit zu bringen. Regierungen m\u00fcssen frisch eingereisten und sich bereits im Land befindlichen Afghan*innen entsprechend des internationalen Non-Refoulement-Prinzips internationalen Schutz gew\u00e4hren.\u00bb

Abgeriegelte Grenzen und illegale Push-Backs

Aus dem Amnesty-Bericht geht hervor, dass Pakistan, Usbekistan, Iran, Tadschikistan und Turkmenistan Afghan*innen, die ohne g\u00fcltige Reiseunterlagen unterwegs sind, nicht einreisen lassen, obwohl diese Menschen bei einer R\u00fcckf\u00fchrung nach Afghanistan m\u00f6glicherweise schweren Menschenrechtsverletzungen ausgesetzt w\u00e4ren. Laut Zahlen der Internationalen Organisation f\u00fcr Migration (IOM) schoben die iranischen Beh\u00f6rden zwischen dem 27.\u00a0August und 9.\u00a0September\u00a02021 insgesamt 58\u2018279 Afghan*innen ohne Papiere ab. Usbekistan gab am 20.\u00a0August an, 150 Personen nach Afghanistan zur\u00fcckgef\u00fchrt zu haben, basierend auf einer Vereinbarung mit den Taliban.\u00a0\u00a0

Es wird v\u00f6lkerrechtlich nicht unterschieden, ob Schutzsuchende mit oder ohne g\u00fcltige Papiere einreisen. \u00a0

Die internationale Verpflichtung, schutzsuchende Menschen einreisen zu lassen, und die Pflicht zur Einhaltung des Non-Refoulement-Prinzips gelten nicht nur f\u00fcr Afghanistans Nachbarl\u00e4nder, sondern auch f\u00fcr L\u00e4nder, die auf dem Luft- oder Seeweg bzw. mittels der Durchreise durch andere L\u00e4nder erreicht werden k\u00f6nnen. Anders gesagt: Es wird v\u00f6lkerrechtlich nicht unterschieden, ob Schutzsuchende mit oder ohne g\u00fcltige Papiere einreisen. \u00a0

Nichtsdestotrotz werden Afghan*innen unter anderem aus L\u00e4ndern wie Bulgarien, Kroatien und Griechenland zur\u00fcckgeschoben. Die t\u00fcrkischen Beh\u00f6rden verk\u00fcndeten im Juli\u00a02021 angesichts erh\u00f6hter Einreisezahlen aus Afghanistan den weiteren Ausbau einer Mauer an der Grenze zu Iran. Gleichzeitig werden in der T\u00fcrkei weiterhin Afghan*innen ohne g\u00fcltige Papiere festgenommen und abgeschoben. Polen hat gar neue Regelungen eingef\u00fchrt, nach denen Menschen, die ohne offizielle Erlaubnis eingereist sind, in Polen kein Asyl beantragen k\u00f6nnen.\u00a0Seit dem 19.\u00a0August sitzen 32\u00a0Afghan*innen an der Grenze zwischen Polen und Belarus fest. Die polnischen und belarussischen Grenzbeamt*innen halten diese Menschen auf einer kleinen grenznahen Fl\u00e4che fest, wo sie weder Zugang zu angemessenen Unterk\u00fcnften und Gesundheitsleistungen haben noch \u00fcber ausreichend Trinkwasser oder Nahrungsmittel verf\u00fcgen.\u00a0Digitale Recherchen von Amnesty International belegen Verst\u00f6sse der polnischen Regierung gegen internationales Recht und legen den Verdacht auf illegale Push-Backs nahe.

Amnesty International weist zudem auf die problematischen Folgen von Sicherheitsfreigabeverfahren hin, die schutzsuchende Migrant*innen in manchen L\u00e4ndern durchlaufen m\u00fcssen. So verlangt Deutschland beispielsweise, dass Menschen auf Afghanistan sich einer beh\u00f6rdlichen Sicherheits\u00fcberpr\u00fcfung unterziehen, bevor sie f\u00fcr eine Evakuierung in Frage kommen. Allerdings ist die deutsche Botschaft in Kabul derzeit geschlossen und es gibt somit keine deutsche diplomatische Vertretung in Afghanistan und somit keine M\u00f6glichkeit, die \u00dcberpr\u00fcfung durchzuf\u00fchren.

Die US-amerikanische Regierung unter Pr\u00e4sident Biden hat die Absicht verk\u00fcndet, bis Ende September\u00a02022 insgesamt 95'000 evakuierte Menschen aus Afghanistan neu ansiedeln zu wollen. Berichten zufolge soll jedoch die Bewegungsfreiheit evakuierter Afghan*innen stark auf den US-Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten stark eingeschr\u00e4nkt sein, Menschen, die die strengen US-Sicherheitskontrollen nicht bestanden haben, wurden inhaftiert und sollten teils an Drittstaaten \u00fcberstellt werden. Das Modell der Operation \u00abAllies Welcome\u00bb wirft daher einige ernste Fragen auf: Welche Mechanismen gibt es, um sicherzustellen, dass die US-Beh\u00f6rden die Rechte der Evakuierten achten, sch\u00fctzen und f\u00f6rdern? Wie k\u00f6nnen m\u00f6gliche Missbr\u00e4uche gemeldet, untersucht und angegangen werden? Diese Fragen wurden bisher nicht beantwortet.

Angesichts der sich stets verschlechternden Menschenrechtslage in Afghanistan m\u00fcssen alle L\u00e4nder unverz\u00fcglich Massnahmen ergreifen, um sicherzustellen, dass Menschenrechtsverteidiger*innen, Journalist*innen und Angeh\u00f6rige marginalisierter ethnischer oder religi\u00f6ser Minderheiten aus Afghanistan ausreisen k\u00f6nnen. Alle Staaten m\u00fcssen sowohl Neuank\u00f6mmlingen als auch Afghan*innen, die sich bereits auf ihrem Territorium befinden, internationalen Schutz gew\u00e4hren.\u00a0

\u00abDas Leben Tausender Menschen, die sich in ihrem Land unerm\u00fcdlich f\u00fcr die Menschenrechte, Geschlechtergleichstellung, Rechtsstaatlichkeit und demokratische Freiheit eingesetzt haben, ist in Gefahr\u00bb, warnt Francesca Pizzutelli.\u00a0\u00abDie Welt darf Afghanistan in diesem kritischen Moment nicht im Stich lassen. Wir m\u00fcssen international geschlossen handeln, um den Menschen aus Afghanistan Schutz zu bieten.\u00bb

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Sichere Ausreise von bedrohten Afghan*innen gewährleisten

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