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Es sind Praktiken, die an die dunkle Zeit des Gulag erinnern: \u00abIn den Z\u00fcgen werden H\u00e4ftlinge in kleine Zellen gequetscht, ohne L\u00fcftung oder Tageslicht. Sie erhalten kaum Wasser. Nur selten und unregelm\u00e4ssig d\u00fcrfen sie zur Toilette\u00bb, sagt Denis Krivosheev, stellvertretender Direktor f\u00fcr Europa und Zentralasien bei Amnesty International.

Der Bericht \u00abPrisoner transportation in Russia: Travelling into the unknown.\u00bb (Gefangenentransporte in Russland. Eine Reise in Unbekannte) dokumentiert die unmenschlichen Bedingungen, denen sowohl M\u00e4nner als auch Frauen auf den Transporten ausgesetzt sind.

In Waggons gepfercht

\u00a0Die Gefangenen werden in speziellen Gef\u00e4ngniswaggons namens \u00abStolypins\u00bb bef\u00f6rdert, von denen viele aus der Sowjetzeit stammen. In fensterlose, stickige Abteile, in denen bei einem normalen Personenzug maximal vier Personen schlafen k\u00f6nnten, werden zw\u00f6lf oder mehr H\u00e4ftlinge gepfercht und tagelang eingesperrt. Die Fahrt in die Straflager dauert meist einen Monat oder l\u00e4nger. Die Gefangenenz\u00fcge legen mehrere Zwischenhalte ein, bei denen die H\u00e4ftlinge in Transitzellen eingesperrt werden.

Die Gefangenen haben w\u00e4hrend des Transports keinen Kontakt zur Aussenwelt und die Beh\u00f6rden verweigern Informationen \u00fcber ihren Aufenthaltsort. \u00abDie H\u00e4ftlinge sind in dieser Zeit faktisch rechtlos und Missbr\u00e4uchen frei ausgeliefert. Dies kommt einem gewaltsamen Verschwindenlassen gleich\u00bb, so Denis Krivosheev.

Reise in die Sowjetzeit

Endlich am Ziel, sind die Gefangenen Tausende Kilometer von ihren Angeh\u00f6rigen entfernt. \u00abDie Distanz ist ein psychologisches Mittel, um Gefangene zu schw\u00e4chen\u00bb, sagt Alexsei Sokolov von der Ural Menschenrechtsgruppe. Familienbesuche werden durch die Distanz extrem erschwert.

Der russische Strafvollzug (FSIN) hat ein Netzwerk von Strafkolonien aus dem sowjetischen Gulag-System geerbt, viele von ihnen befinden sich in abgelegenen, d\u00fcnn besiedelten Teilen des Landes. Das bedeutet, dass Gefangene oft bis zu 5000 Kilometer transportiert werden m\u00fcssen. Da in Russland nur 46 der 760 Strafanstalten Frauen unterbringen, sind diese h\u00e4ufiger den unmenschlichen Transporten ausgesetzt als M\u00e4nner.

24. Oktober 2017

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Ein Erbe des Gulag

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