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Der am 7. Juni von Amnesty International ver\u00f6ffentlichte Bericht: \u00abIt\u2019s enough for people to feel it exists: Civil society, secrecy and surveillance in Belarus\u00bb dokumentiert, wie die weitreichende und unkontrollierte \u00dcberwachung die Arbeit von Nichtregierungsorganisationen und AktivistInnen schw\u00e4cht. Es stellt bereits ein Risiko dar, telefonisch ein Treffen zu verabreden.

\u00abIn einem Land, in dem man f\u00fcr Kritik am Pr\u00e4sidenten verhaftet werden kann, macht allein die M\u00f6glichkeit, von Beh\u00f6rden ausspioniert zu werden, die Arbeit von NGOs und AktivistInnen so gut wie unm\u00f6glich\u00bb, sagte Joshua Franco, Experte f\u00fcr Technologie und Menschenrechte bei Amnesty International.

Telekom-Unternehmen, darunter auch solche im Besitz von Telekom Austria und Turkcell, erlauben dies und gestatten damit der Regierung nahezu unbegrenzten Zugriff auf die Kommunikation ihrer Kundinnen und Kunden und deren Daten.

\u00abUnternehmen, die in Weissrussland arbeiten, m\u00fcssen den Beh\u00f6rden Zugriff auf ihre Kundendaten gew\u00e4hren. Wenn der Geheimdienst jemanden ausspionieren will, braucht er keinen Vollstreckungsbefehl und muss das Unternehmen nicht um Zugang zu den Daten bitten\u00bb, sagte Joshua Franco.

\u00abDie Zukunft der Meinungsfreiheit im Online-Zeitalter h\u00e4ngt wesentlich davon ab, ob sich Telekommunikationsunternehmen notfalls auch gegen repressive Regierungen stellen und den Schutz der Privatsph\u00e4re und der freien Meinungs\u00e4usserung ernst nehmen, oder ob sie sich des Gewinnes wegen wegducken.\u00bb

\u00abMobiltelefone sind wie Polizisten in der Westentasche\u00bb

Der Bericht basiert auf Interviews mit mehr als 50 Menschenrechtsaktivisten, Journalistinnen, Rechtsanw\u00e4lten, Mitgliedern der politischen Opposition, Technologie-Expertinnen in Belarus und im Exil. Die Interviews wurden zwischen August 2015 und Mai 2016 durchgef\u00fchrt. Er zeigt, welche Auswirkungen die Angst vor \u00dcberwachung der Privatsph\u00e4re, auf die freie Meinungs\u00e4usserung, die Versammlungs- und Vereinigungsfreiheit und auf die Zivilgesellschaft hat.

Einfachste administrative Vorg\u00e4nge, wie Telefonate oder Antr\u00e4ge zur finanziellen Unterst\u00fctzung einer Organisation sind mit Risiken verbunden. Aktivistinnen bef\u00fcrchten, dass ihre pers\u00f6nlichen oder finanziellen Daten verwendet werden k\u00f6nnten, um sie zu verfolgen, zu diskreditieren oder zu erpressen.

Aktivisten berichteten Amnesty International, mit welchen Tricks sie sich in einem Klima der totalen \u00dcberwachung sch\u00fctzen m\u00fcssen. Ein unabh\u00e4ngiger Journalist, der seine Identit\u00e4t geheim halten m\u00f6chte, erz\u00e4hlt: \u00abDie meisten Menschen haben Angst, offen am Telefon zu sprechen. Diese Angst ist ein Teil Ihrer Einstellung geworden. Menschen \u00fcbernehmen von Anfang an diese Haltung: alles ist schlecht, ich kann es nicht beeinflussen oder steuern.\u00bb

Internationale Telekomunternehmen verletzen Menschenrechtsstandards

Amnesty International geht davon aus, dass die involvierten Telekommunikations-Unternehmen etablierte Standards f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Menschenrechte verletzen. Das Leitbild der Vereinten Nationen f\u00fcr Responsible Business stellt klar, dass nationale Gesetze nicht dazu verwendet werden d\u00fcrfen, um Menschenrechtsverletzungen zu rechtfertigen.

Amnesty International fordert die Beh\u00f6rden in Belarus auf, ein System der Checks und Balances zu etablieren und die \u00dcberwachungspraktiken internationaler Standards anzugleichen.

Gleichzeitig fordert Amnesty International die Telekommunikations-Unternehmen auf, die fragw\u00fcrdigen Gesetze in Belarus zu hinterfragen, die sie davon abhalten, die Privatsph\u00e4re der Kunden zu sch\u00fctzen. Ausserdem sollen die Unternehmen ihre Kunden wenigsten dar\u00fcber informieren, dass ihre Daten f\u00fcr die Beh\u00f6rden jederzeit abrufbar sind.

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Überwachung erstickt Meinungsäusserungsfreiheit

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