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Doch nicht \u00fcberall kann Liebe gedeihen und gelebt werden: Traditionen, politische und geografische Grenzen, Vorurteile und diskriminierende Gesetze schr\u00e4nken das Recht auf Liebe und Geborgenheit ein. Manchmal ist es sogar gef\u00e4hrlich zu lieben. Die Geschichten im Schwerpunkt zeigen, was Menschen auf sich nehmen, damit sie das sch\u00f6nste aller Gef\u00fchle doch leben k\u00f6nnen, und wie sie sich f\u00fcr geliebte Menschen einsetzen. 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In der sowjetischen Gesellschaft war Sex ein Tabu, Homosexualit\u00e4t sogar ein Verbrechen. Ab 1934 wurden gleichgeschlechtliche Beziehungen zwischen M\u00e4nnern mit bis zu acht Jahren Haft bestraft. Homosexuelle Frauen landeten oft in der Psychiatrie. Man stufte sie als psychisch krank ein, verabreichte ihnen Psychopharmaka und zwang sie zu Untersuchungen und Therapien.

Doch trotz dieser Repressionen gab es in der UdSSR homosexuelle Vereinigungen. So schlossen sich 1984 in Leningrad 30 junge Leute zu einer schwul-lesbischen Gemeinschaft zusammen, dem Gay Labor. Es gelang ihnen, Kontakte nach Finnland zu kn\u00fcpfen und mit dieser Unterst\u00fctzung ein Pr\u00e4ventionsprogramm gegen Aids zu starten. Unter dem Druck des Geheimdienstes KGB musste sich die Gruppe jedoch bald aufl\u00f6sen.

Kurze Besserung

Im Jahr 1993, zwei Jahre nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion, hob das Parlament die Strafbarkeit von Homosexualit\u00e4t auf. Ende der 1990er- und Anfang der 2000er- Jahre wurden in den St\u00e4dten Russlands schwul-lesbische Gemeinschaften sichtbar: Sie gingen f\u00fcr ihre Rechte auf die Strasse, gr\u00fcndeten Vereine, Zeitschriften und Filmfestivals.

Doch auf die Freiheit folgte Repression. Seit gut zw\u00f6lf Jahren muss die LGBTI*-Bewegung harte Schl\u00e4ge einstecken. Denn Pr\u00e4sident Wladimir Putin lehnt gleichgeschlechtliche Liebe rigoros ab. In den vergangenen Jahren griffen Neonazis immer wieder queere Menschen an, Polizist*innen nahmen sie ohne Angabe von Gr\u00fcnden fest, misshandelten und folterten sie, Gerichte verurteilten Aktivisten*innen zu Haftstrafen. Im Jahr 2017 kam es in der zu Russland geh\u00f6renden autonomen Republik Tschetschenien zu \u00abS\u00e4uberungen\u00bb: Hunderte queere Menschen wurden inhaftiert und gefoltert, einige starben in Haft.

Weitere Versch\u00e4rfung

Mit dem Angriffskrieg gegen die Ukraine gehen neue Repressalien gegen die LGBTI*- Community einher. Im April 2022 l\u00f6ste ein Gericht die Organisation Sphere wegen \u00abUntergrabung der moralischen Grundlagen der russischen Gesellschaft\u00bb auf, nachdem die Beh\u00f6rden Sphere bereits 2016 als \u00abausl\u00e4ndischen Agenten\u00bb eingestuft hatten. Die gemeinn\u00fctzige Stiftung finanzierte seit 2011 mehrere Organisationen, darunter auch die Dachorganisation LGBT-Network. Dieses Netzwerk ist die bedeutendste queere Organisation Russlands und gilt seit 2021 ebenfalls als \u00abausl\u00e4ndischer Agent\u00bb.

Derzeit stehen zahlreiche Mitglieder von LGBTI*-Organisationen vor Gericht, andere haben das Land verlassen. Die Organisation Wychod musste im April 2022 ihr B\u00fcro in St. Petersburg schliessen, arbeitet jedoch im Exil online weiter und bietet queeren Menschen in Russland, auf der Flucht oder im Ausland psychologische und juristische Unterst\u00fctzung an.

Im Juni 2022 wurde ein Gesetzesentwurf in die Duma eingebracht, der \u00abPropaganda f\u00fcr nicht-traditionelle sexuelle Beziehungen \u00bb unter Erwachsenen und Minderj\u00e4hrigen verbietet und damit ein Gesetz aus dem Jahr 2013 versch\u00e4rft. Die Verbreitung von Informationen \u00fcber die LGBTI*-Community w\u00e4re damit k\u00fcnftig strafbar und k\u00f6nnte f\u00fcr Privatpersonen Geldstrafen in f\u00fcnfstelliger H\u00f6he nach sich ziehen. Organisationen und andere juristische Personen m\u00fcssten mit Strafen von bis 162 000 Euro oder einem Bet\u00e4tigungsverbot f\u00fcr 90 Tage rechnen. Weil die Definition von \u00abPropaganda\u00bb absichtlich vage gehalten ist, k\u00f6nnten die Beh\u00f6rden jede von LGBTI*-Gruppen verbreitete Information als Propaganda einstufen. \u00a0

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Liebe unter Propagandaverdacht

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