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Dies erfordert viel Offenheit und gegenseitige Akzeptanz. Und vor allem Zeit. Aber nur wenn an einer Vers\u00f6hnung gearbeitet wird, kann echter Frieden entstehen. Weitere Themen dieser Ausgabe: In \u00c4thiopien herrscht trotz Friedensabkommen Gewalt, Vertreibung und Hunger. Die russische K\u00fcnstlerin Aleksandra Skochilenko erz\u00e4hlt von ihrem Leben nach dem Gef\u00e4ngnis. 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\u00abSie haben gemeinsam gegen die Faschisten gek\u00e4mpft, und sie sind gemeinsam gestorben. Serb*innen, Kroat*innen, Bosnier* innen. Heute erz\u00e4hlen uns die Politiker*innen, dass wir nicht zusammenleben k\u00f6nnen\u00bb, sagt Adi Selman und sch\u00fcttelt den Kopf. Adi steht in Vukosavci auf dem Gel\u00e4nde eines verfallenen Denkmals, das an die im Zweiten Weltkrieg gefallenen Partisan* innen und Soldat*innen erinnert.

Seit dem Zerfall des Landes 1991 rottet dieser Platz vor sich hin. Denn in der Republika Srpska (RS), einem Teilstaat Bosnien-Herzegowinas, erinnert man sich nicht gerne an die multiethnische Geschichte des 1992 entstandenen Staats. In diesem Landesteil wurden unter F\u00fchrung von Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 und General Ratko Mladi\u0107 Zehntausende Bosnier*innen, Kroat*innen und Rom*nja ermordet. Der 32-j\u00e4hrige Adi hat den Jugoslawien-Krieg von 1991 bis 1995 nicht bewusst erlebt, die schrecklichen Geschichten aus dieser Zeit kennt er von seinen Eltern. Adi ist Bosniake. Wenn es nach dem Pr\u00e4sidenten der RS geht, dem extremen Nationalisten Milorad Dodik, hat jemand wie Adi hier nichts zu suchen. Seit mehr als 18 Jahren beherrscht Dodik die RS. \u00d6ffentlich behauptet er, Bosnier*innen und Serb*innen k\u00f6nnten nicht zusammenleben.

$\"\"$ $\"\"$

Gemeinsam gegen den Lithiumabbau

Adi beweist das Gegenteil: Er hat in der N\u00e4he Freund*innen wie die serbische Aktivistin Andrijana Peki\u0107 in Lopare. Der Ort ist nur zwei Kilometer von Vukosavci entfernt und sorgt f\u00fcr Schlagzeilen. Denn im Herbst 2022 wurde bekannt, dass das Schweizer Bergbauunternehmen Arcore im angrenzenden Majevica-Gebirge bei geheimen Probebohrungen immense Vorkommen an Lithium entdeckte. Lithium ist ein wichtiger Rohstoff f\u00fcr den \u00dcbergang von der fossilen zur regenerativen Energiegewinnung.

Im November 2023 teilte Arcore mit, eine strategische Partnerschaft mit dem deutsch-kanadischen Unternehmen Rock Tech Lithium vereinbart zu haben. Rock Tech baut derzeit im brandenburgischen Guben ein Konverterwerk, in dem aus Lithiumkarbonat Lithiumhydroxid produziert werden soll, um j\u00e4hrlich 150 000 Batterien f\u00fcr die deutsche Autoindustrie herzustellen.

\u00abDen Preis daf\u00fcr bezahlen wir. Bei der Lithiumgewinnung wird sehr viel Wasser verbraucht, und sie sorgt f\u00fcr eine immense Umweltverschmutzung \u00bb, sagt Andrijana. Gleich nachdem sie von den Pl\u00e4nen zum Lithiumabbau aus der Presse erfahren hatte, gr\u00fcndete sie den Verein \u010cuvari Majevice, Besch\u00fctzer der Majevica.

Sie und Adi treffen sich an der Ortseinfahrt von Lopare, und sie zeigt ihm ein neues Plakat, das sie hier anbringen liess. Darauf steht: \u00abFremder Profit, unser Untergang?\u00bb Adi gratuliert ihr. Als Mitarbeiter der NGO Karton Revolucija, die gegen Korruption k\u00e4mpft, weiss er, wie man Aufmerksamkeit erzielt. Und gerade jetzt ist das Thema virulent, denn es stehen Kommunalwahlen an. Andrijana war wegen ihres Engagements in Lopare oft in den Medien zu sehen und erhielt schon einige Male Drohanrufe von angeblichen Veteranen, die ihr antiserbische Politik vorwerfen.

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Adi erz\u00e4hlt, dass ihn der unabh\u00e4ngige Kandidat f\u00fcr das Amt des B\u00fcrgermeisters in Lopare, Milanko To\u0161i\u0107, zu einer gemeinsamen Veranstaltung eingeladen hat. Auf To\u0161i\u0107s Wahlplakaten steht: \u00abLeben! Kein Lithium.\u00bb Adi h\u00e4tte da \u00fcber seine Erfahrungen in Serbien reden sollen, wo er an mehreren erfolgreichen Aktionen von NGOs gegen den Lithiumabbau teilgenommen hat. Aber serbische Nationalist*innen drohten To\u0161i\u0107 Gewalt an, sollte er einen Bosniaken auf einer serbischen Versammlung auftreten lassen.

Wanderrouten f\u00fcr den Tourismus

Zahlreiche Aktive in Politik und Gesellschaft haben l\u00e4ngst die ethnischen oder administrativen Grenzen \u00fcberwunden, um den Lithiumabbau in Lopare gemeinsam zu stoppen. Mehrere Gemeinden wie die von Lopare und \u010celi\u0107 arbeiten mittlerweile zusammen. Admir Hrustanovi\u0107 ist der parteilose Gemeindevorsitzende von \u010celi\u0107, das sich in der F\u00f6deration befindet. Er erlebte als Kind den Krieg und floh mit seiner Familie in die USA. Nach seiner R\u00fcckkehr engagierte er sich politisch in seinem Geburtsort. \u00abDieses Land kann nur gemeinsam vorankommen, ganz gleich welchen religi\u00f6sen oder kulturellen Hintergrund jemand hat\u00bb, sagt er. Vor Jahren riefen er und ein Kollege in Lopare das Projekt Via Majevica ins Leben. Drei Gemeinden der F\u00f6deration und zwei aus der RS beteiligen sich daran, das Mittelgebirge Majevica f\u00fcr den Tourismus zu erschliessen: mit Wanderrouten, Radwegen und einem bunten Kulturprogramm, bei dem man auch Moscheen, orthodoxe oder katholische Kirchen besichtigen kann. Doch der Lithiumabbau droht diese Pl\u00e4ne zu durchkreuzen.

\u00abDie Menschen f\u00fcrchten, dass beim Abbau der Rohstoffe giftige Substanzen in den Fluss \u0160ibo\u0161nica gelangen und so die Wasserversorgung unserer Gemeinde gef\u00e4hrdet wird\u00bb, sagt Hrustanovi\u0107.

In Lopare sitzt B\u00fcrgermeister Rado Savi\u0107 in seinem B\u00fcro. Er ist gleich alt wie Hrustanovi\u0107 und geh\u00f6rt der Serbischen Demokratischen Partei an, die Karad\u017ei\u0107 einst gr\u00fcndete. Lange her. Savi\u0107 ist voll des Lobes \u00fcber seinen Kollegen und \u00abFreund in \u010celi\u0107\u00bb, wie er sagt. \u00abWir haben uns sofort gut verstanden und hatten beide die gleiche Vorstellung davon, wie wir unsere Region entwickeln sollten. F\u00fcr Tourist*innen ist es doch viel spannender, wenn sie die Vielfalt unseres Landes erleben k\u00f6nnen\u00bb, sagt er. Die Verwaltungsgrenzen spielten dabei keine Rolle. Beim Thema Lithium verfinstert sich sein Blick. \u00abWir wissen, dass wir den geplanten Abbau nur gemeinsam stoppen k\u00f6nnen\u00bb, sagt Savi\u0107. Erst vor wenigen Tagen unterzeichneten die Vorsteher von acht Gemeinden aus beiden Landesteilen ein Memorandum zum gemeinsamen Kampf gegen Arcore und Dodiks Pl\u00e4ne, die Majevica zum Abbaugebiet zu machen.

Andrijana und Adi spazieren durch Lopare und bleiben unter einem Wahlplakat von Milanko To\u0161i\u0107 stehen. \u00abEr ist unsere Hoffnung, denn wir brauchen eine neue Generation von Politiker*innen. Bei den alten weiss man nie, ob sie nicht doch schmutzige Deals machen\u00bb, sagt Andrijana und deutet in Richtung eines Plakats, auf dem Savi\u0107s Gesicht zu sehen ist. Adi l\u00e4chelt. \u00abMan munkelt, dass Savi\u0107 sich l\u00e4ngst mit Dodik verst\u00e4ndigt hat. Sollte er gewinnen, dann wird er den Bau einer Mine nicht verhindern\u00bb, sagt er.

Es sind m\u00e4chtige Gegenspieler, die die beiden haben. Vergangenen Juli unterzeichnete der deutsche Bundeskanzler Olaf Scholz mit dem serbischen Pr\u00e4sidenten Alexander Vu\u010di\u0107 einen europ\u00e4ischen Plan zum Lithiumabbau im Jadar-Tal, das zu Serbien geh\u00f6rt. \u00abDas ist die gleiche Ader wie im bosnischen Lopare. Sie ist nur knapp 40 Kilometer Luftlinie entfernt.\u00bb

Der serbische Pr\u00e4sident Alexander Vu\u010di\u0107 und der Pr\u00e4sident der RS, Milorad Dodik, sind enge Verb\u00fcndete und teilen auch wirtschaftliche Interessen. In Serbien soll das britisch-australische Bergbauunternehmen Rio Tinto t\u00e4tig werden. Die serbische Regierung leitet gerade entsprechende Genehmigungsverfahren und Gesetze in die Wege. Proteste sollen in Serbien bereits im Keim erstickt werden.

Es wird bef\u00fcrchtet, Dodik k\u00f6nnte sich ein Beispiel daran nehmen und alles daransetzen, den Bergbau in Lopare nach serbischem Vorbild voranzutreiben. Davon sind Adi und Andrijana \u00fcberzeugt. Als Adi auf der kurvigen Strasse \u00fcber die Majevica zur\u00fcckf\u00e4hrt, bleibt er auf einer Anh\u00f6he stehen, steigt aus und betrachtet die idyllische H\u00fcgellandschaft. \u00abUnd das soll alles zerst\u00f6rt werden, damit man mit sauberen Elektroautos fahren kann?\u00bb, fragt Adi. \u00abDie d\u00fcrfen nicht gewinnen.\u00bb

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