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Das neue Gesetz erlaubt der Polizei und anderen Sicherheitskr\u00e4ften mehr Zugriff auf digitale Daten und weitgehende \u00dcberwachungskompetenzen, w\u00e4hrend die Einschr\u00e4nkungen und Kontrollen dieser Massnahmen sehr knapp ausfallen.

Hauptprobleme des Gesetzes:

Es erlaubt den Einsatz von intrusiven \u00dcberwachungsmassnahmen und erweitert die \u00abgeheimen Untersuchungsmassnahmen\u00bb auf der Basis von vagen Bedingungen und f\u00fcr einen unbeschr\u00e4nkten Katalog von Delikten.
Es verlangt nicht, dass die \u00dcberwachung von Telekommunikations- und Internet-Daten zuvor von einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Instanz, etwa einem Richter, bewilligt werden muss.
Es gibt keine Garantien zum Schutz des Berufsgeheimnisses beispielsweise f\u00fcr Anw\u00e4lte oder Journalistinnen.
Es wird f\u00fcr Betroffene sehr schwierig, wenn nicht unm\u00f6glich, herauszufinden, ob sie unrechtm\u00e4ssig \u00fcberwacht wurden.

Kritik des Europ\u00e4ischen Gerichtshofes

Die Bestimmungen des neuen Gesetzes verstossen gegen Polens internationale Menschenrechtsverpflichtungen. Der Europ\u00e4ische Gerichtshof f\u00fcr Menschenrechte (EGMR) hat in j\u00fcngster Zeit bei zwei europ\u00e4ischen L\u00e4ndern Verletzungen der europ\u00e4ischen Menschenrechtskonvention festgestellt.

Im Urteil zum Fall Zakharov v. Russland hat das Gericht folgende Voraussetzungen f\u00fcr eine \u00dcberwachungsmassnahme festgehalten:

es braucht einen begr\u00fcndeten Verdacht, dass eine Person eine Straftat begangen hat;
ein Gesetz muss das Ausmass der geheimen \u00dcberwachungsmassnahmen definieren;
ein Richter oder eine andere unabh\u00e4ngige Instanz muss die \u00dcberwachungsmassnahme bewilligen und beaufsichtigen;
das Gesetz muss Informationspflichten vorsehen, damit unrechtm\u00e4ssig \u00fcberwachte Personen die Massnahmen rechtlich anfechten kann.

Solche Schutzmassnahmen scheinen im polnischen Gesetz zu fehlen. Unrechtm\u00e4ssige \u00dcberwachung verletzt das Recht auf Privatsph\u00e4re sowie weitere Menschenrechte wie die freie Meinungs\u00e4usserung.

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Neues Überwachungsgesetz: ein Schlag gegen die Menschenrechte

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